4^th International Conference on Biodiversity June 15-17, 2015 Las Vegas, USA

Chioma Nwakanma has completed her Ph.D at the age of 30 years from University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. She is a Lecturer in the College of Natural Resources and Environmental Management. She has published more than 17 papers in reputed journals and has Professional affiliations both local and international.

The impact of oil- based drilling mud disposal in Southern Nigeria was studied using static plastic tanks in the laboratory on Periopthalmus papilio. Th e Niger Delta is one of the world’s largest wetlands encompassing about 2000km2 in Southern Nigeria. Most of the petroleum exploration and production activities are located in the coastal zones where great numbers of aquatic organisms live like the mudskipper fi sh. Th e experiment was conducted in triplicate for each concentration. The histopathological study of the eff ects of exposure to a lethal concentration (2%, 1.6%, 0.8%, 0.4%, and 0%) of oil - based drilling mud on the amphibious fi sh indicated mild to severe damage to liver, kidney, muscle, intestine, brain and gills. Aft er a 14 days exposure, the percentage mortality against concentration was determined. The result revealed that the oil - based drilling mud were toxic to the tissues examined as no noticeable change were observed in tissues of the control (0%) tanks.

Ogbulie Toochukwu Ekwutosi has completed her Ph.D at the age of 34 years from Federal University of Technology Owerri (FUTO) Nigeria. She has also obtained additional qualifi cation as Registered Environmental Scientist by NREP, USA in 2008. She is a senior Lecturer in the Department of Biotechnology, FUTO, Nigeria. She has published more than 30 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an Editorial Board Member of Analele Universitatii din Oradea - Fascicula Biologie, Romania. She is a member of societal bodies as Society for Applied Microbiology UK (SFAM), Graduate Women in Science GWIS USA, and Organization for Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD).

This study looked at the diversity of microorganisms persistent in agricultural soil sample polluted with Nigerian Bonny light crude oil for four years with a view to ascertain the presence of microbes with probable degradative gene for crude oil degradation and to confi rm similarities in microbial identities. DNA from crude oil polluted agricultural soil sample was extraction using ZYMO soil DNA extraction Kit. DNA sequencing was performed thereaft er, by Next Generation Sequencing Technique (NGST) using automated PCR cycle- Genome Sequencerâ„¢ FLX System from 454 Life Sciencesâ„¢ and Roche Applied. Sequence analysis and alignment was performed using Vecton NTI suite 9 and the resulting nucleotide sequences were compared to sequences obtained from GenBank by BLASTx analysis using CLO Bio soft ware as well as BLASTn using NCBI. Molecular confi rmation of similarities in microbial Identities was obtained by creating diff erent dendrograms/ distance trees. Gene sequencing carried out read 513 diff erent nucleotide sequences. Every read was BLASTED and the result fi le saved. Nine phylum with 47 corresponding culture-dependent species and 169 culture-independent bacteria clone was obtained. The resultant tree however, showed various proteobacteria (a-, b-, d- and g- proteobacteria), bacteria, enterobacteria, firmicutes, plantomycetes, acidobacteria group/fi brobacteres, Bacteriodetes/chlorobi Actinobacteria/high G+C and chlorifl exi phyla. The nucleotide sequences with no hit was sent to Genbank for asigning of ascension number. Th e isolation of the aforementioned organisms from crude oil polluted agricultural soil left for four years, depict that the organism probably, have degradative genes which aided their survival.

Selvakumar Dhandapani (22 years) is doing Ph.D (bioscience) in The University of Nottingham, UK in collaboration with crops for the future, Malaysia. He completed his bachelor of technology in “biotechnology” from Anna University, India and masters in “ecology and conservation” from the Lancaster University, UK. He is currently working on the Ph.D project “Carbon cycling and soil microbial diversity in different cropping systems” which mainly deals with different forest and agricultural sites in Malaysia. The project is funded by the crops for the future (CFF) and the Government of Malaysia.

Oil palm is considered as one of the most important crops for the future in serving the global food and biodiesel needs. Oil palm also serves as the important source for rural employment and plays a major role in poverty alleviation in Malaysia. Th e increasing need for palm oil has resulted in the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations in the last few decades, which has become the biggest cause for deforestation in Malaysia. Th e Google deforestation map for the year 2000-2012 shows that Malaysia has the highest deforestation rate of all the countries in the world. Malaysian forests are the home for numerous endemic species, which are threatened. Some oil palm promoting corporations have claimed that oil palm plantations support a healthy biodiversity. Th is research assessed the biodiversity value of oil palm in comparison with primary forests and secondary forests. Th e biodiversity values of secondary forests are overly underestimated and are readily converted into plantations. Using species richness data of vertebrates and invertebrates from previous publications, this research argues that conversion of either primary or secondary forest to oil palm plantation would adversely aff ect biodiversity. Th e oil palm plantations are fi lled with non-native invasive species or generalist species of low conservation interest. Th e review results compiling numerous species richness surveys in Malaysia show that there is a 34.9% reduction in species richness in oil palm compared to forest habitats, and 79.6% of the species found in forest habitats were not found in oil palm habitats. Th e primary causes for the reduction of species richness are found to be poor ground vegetation, lack of structural complexity and poor microclimate in oil palm plantations. In order to sustain the biodiversity in Malaysia, It isrecommended that future expansion of plantations in primary or secondary forests should be strictly prohibited. It is also recommended that the oil palm management regime should focus on improving the structural complexity and ground vegetation of oil palm plantations.

Mehmet Karaca was the fi rst rank graduate amongst the all departments in Faculty of Agriculture in Trakya University in 1991. He ranked the fi rst in a national student competition exam of Ministry of Education of Turkey to be sent to abroad to pursue MS and Ph.D studies in 1993. He completed his MS degree in Genetics in 1996 and Ph.D in Agronomy (major) and Molecular Biology (minor) from Mississippi State University, USA, in 2001. He became Associate Professor in 2006 and he is currently working in Akdeniz University, Turkey. His main interest is molecular genetics and epigenetic research. He has an h-index of 15 and an i10-index of 19 as date of 2014. He has been given the Science Encouragement Award of Akdeniz University in 2005 and the Science Award of the Chamber of Agricultural Engineers of the chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects in 2012.

The genera Origanum and Th ymus in the family Lamiaceae are amongst two widely used species. Th ese species are mainly herbs or shrubs of various sizes and naturally occur in two main centers of biodiversity corresponding to the Mediterranean basin and central Asia. Since many species in these genera have considerable commercial importance, they have been investigated to characterize their variability and properties. We investigated the chloroplast and mitochondrial genome types of 133 samples obtained from 8 Origanum and 9 Th ymus species and subspecies naturally occurring in the Mediterranean basin of Turkey using sequence-tagged site (STS) markers. Results clearly indicated that both genera; Origanum and Th ymus have high level of genetic diversity in their organelle genomes. Similar or diff erent organelle STS profi ling between diff erent species indicated the existence of intercross hybridization within and between species. Although the observed genetic diversity within Origanum and Th ymus are high in some regions of the Mediterranean basin of Turkey, some of the species in these genera are about to enter into endangered stage in some other part of the region due to the road and settlement constructions, stone mining and growing market demand for some species on a global level resulted in destruction of natural habitats due to lack of regulations and standards for sustainable harvesting of some of the species.

Ayse Gul Ince has completed her Ph.D in the Department of Horticulture from Akdeniz University in 2010. She became Associate Professor in 2012. She is currently working as a Postdoctoral Researcher in a plant epigenetic project supported by the Scientifi c and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) in Akdeniz University. Her main interest is plant molecular biology. She has developed DNA & RNA extraction methods, jojoba gender identifi cation kit, pepper microsatellite markers and contributed to the development of several bioinformatic tools. She served as second advisor for many graduate students in horticulture and fi eld crops departments. She has several scientifi c awards and many publications with an h-index of 12.

Advances in molecular biology and related fi elds made whole-genome sequencing for eukaryotic organisms possible in a short time. Last three decades witnessed the development of many bioinformatic soft ware tools for sorting, storing and mining DNA sequence data generated with the next generation sequencing methods. Here we report a beta version of soft ware, MTB, to identify potential methylation sites (CG, CHG, and CHH, where H is either A, T, or C) in promoters, introns, exons and untranslated terminal regions (5’-UTRs and 3’-UTRs) of GenBank formatted DNA sequences. Also the soft ware tool reported in this study generates FASTA formatted fi les for each transcription unit and promoters extracted from the data provided by the user. Th ese extracted DNA sequences could be used in bisulfi te sequencing studies and methylationsensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, identifi cation of restriction sites and other in silico genomic studies. In order to evaluate the soft ware reported in this study the occurrences of potential cytosine methylation sites amongst promoters and gen bodies from chloroplasts, mitochondria and nuclear genes were studied. Analyses using the MTB soft ware tool revealed that there were no signifi cant density diff erences in CG, CHG and CHH islets within and between the chloroplast encoded genes of several monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Mitochondria and nuclear encoded genes, however, have signifi cant density diff erences in CG, CHG and CHH islets within and between the mitochondria encoded genes of several monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. In vitro methylation studies using cotton and pepper bisulfi te sequencing data we confi rmed the methylation diff erences between and within gene bodies and promoters.

Adnan Aydin graduated from the Department of Field Crops in the Faculty of Agriculture at Akdeniz University in 2009. He completed his Master of Science in the Graduate School of Akdeniz University in 2013. In his Master thesis, he developed SSR markers to differentiate cotton chromosome substitution lines. He has attended two international workshops on epigenetic research in Europe. He is currently working as a research assistant and pursuing his Ph.D studies in the Graduate School of Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey.

Plant nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) belongs to the most important housekeeping genes playing a central role in plant cell metabolism and proper folding of chromatin. rDNA locates in several loci as rDNA unit and each unit exists in many tandem arrays in a genome. Each rDNA unit encodes 18S, 5.8S and 26 S rRNA genes. It is known that there may be from several hundred up to tens of thousands of highly homogeneous copies each rRNA gene encoded by rDNA in plant genomes. In the present study we investigated the cytosine DNA methylation levels and patterns of 18S, 5.8S, 26 S rRNA, internal transcribed spacers I, II (ITS I and ITS II), and intergenic spacer (IGS) of diff erent tissues of Capsicum annuum L. and Gossypium barbadense L. using bisulfi te sequencing method which is still considered the gold standard of DNA methylation studies. Results clearly showed that there were methylation level diff erences within and between 18S, 5.8S, 26 S rRNA and ITSs of plant species. There were great differences in the methylation levels of CG, CHG and CHH contents in both species studied. Methylation level differences among the tissues indicated that the level and pattern of the rDNA methylation have roles in plant growth and development. Since the rDNA exists in diff erent loci in a genome it is important to investigate whether there exist methylation differences among the rDNA loci in a genome. Th e differences in methylation levels in different sequence contexts (CG, CHG and CHH) of the two plant species and tissues might be related with expression, but further species in related and diff erent taxa need to be studied before fi rm conclusions can be drawn.

Agnes O Awharitoma is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Nigeria. She obtained her Ph.D (Parasitology) at the age of 39 years. She is involved in the teaching of Undergraduates and Postgraduates and Supervision of research studies for these students. In addition, she is a Course Coordinator and Internal Examiner for students. She has published 22 papers in reputed journals and has been Executive Board Member in the Organization of Women in Science for the Developing World (OWSD, UNIBEN) and Currently the Business Editor of a reputed journal: TWOWS (OWSDW) Africa International Journal of Science and Technology.

This study is part of an ongoing study of herps in southern Nigeria to investigate the role of diseases and parasitism among factors responsible for herps population declines and range reductions. Reptiles examined: Include Osteolaemus tetraspis (Africa dwarf crocodile), Varanus ornatus (Ornate Nile monitor), Snakes belonging to families Pythonidae, Viperidae and Colubridae and Hemidactylus brookii angulatus (wall gecko). Snout-Vent Lengths [SVLs] were measured and the reptiles euthanized. Gastrointestinal tract and other organs of the viscera were examined for parasites. Isolated trematodes and cestodes were fl attened and fi xed with 10% formol-saline under cover slip pressure on a microscope slide and later stained with acetocarmine. Nematodes were fi xed in hot 70% alcohol while pentastomids were preserved in 70% alcohol-saline. Th e study yielded the following parasites: cestoda: Duthiersia fi mbriata, unidentifi ed pseudophyllidean (from V. ornatus), Oochoristica sp (from H. brookii angulatus) and Ophiotaenia sp. (from snakes); Trematoda: Pseudoneodiplostomum thomasi (from O. tetraspis), unidentifi ed trematode (from V. ornatus) and Paradistomoides gregarinum (from H. brookii angulatus); Pentastomida: Sebekia sp. (from O. tetraspis and V. ornatus), Raillietiella frenatus (from H. brookii angulatus); Nematoda: Dujardinascaris sp., Camallanus larva (from O. tetraspis), Tanqua tiara, Cosmocercaornata, Oswaldocruzia hoepplii (from V. ornatus), Th elandros scleratus (from H. brookii angulatus), Kalicephalus sp. and Ophidascaris sp. (from snakes). Pseudoneodiplostomum thomasi and Duthiersia fi mbriata are new locality records in Nigeria. Noteworthy is the zoonotic importance of some of these parasites since the studied reptiles are either consumed or closely associated with human habitation.

U L Fulco is a member of the Department of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, in Natal-RN, Brazil. The focus of his research work is in the fi eld of NanoBiotechnology, mainly those related with the investigation of bio-drugs delivery.

Following the buckminsterfullerene C60 discovery, it was soon acknowledged that its poor solubility in polar solvents is detrimental for biological applications. To circumvent this diffi culty, several routes to attach chemical groups to C60 have been proposed leading to a wide variety of derivatives with distinct physical and chemical properties. As the cytotoxicity is a sensitive function of surface derivatization, the existence of a wide range of biologically compatible solvents improves the versatility of functionalization, thereby minimizing cytotoxicity eff ects. In this aspect, ascorbic acid (AsA) is timely; with the chemical formula C6H8O6, whose L-enantiomer is popularly known as vitamin C, it is an organic acid with antioxidant properties. Th e purpose of this work is to give a complete description of AsA interaction with C60, including the eff ect of its diff erent spatial orientations relative to the C60 molecule, as a possible way to prevent against the oxidative damage and toxicity of the latter. With the help of classical molecular dynamics, the best molecular geometry corresponding to the strongest binding of AsA adsorbed on C60 was found. Quantum ab-initio density functional theory simulations, in both the local density and generalized gradient approximations, were carried out to estimate the AsA-C60 binding energy. Aft erward, the electron transfer between the AsA and C60 molecules was calculated to assess the noncovalent nature of their interaction. Th e results of this work may stimulate further research in this direction, such as the development of chemical procedures for AsA-C60 noncovalent functionalization and the assessment of its oxidative damage and toxicity.

Rishi Baral has completed his Master’s Degree at the age of 26 from Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University and Bachelor studies from Prithivi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University Department of Zoology. He is the conservation officer in Friends of Nature (FON), Nepal, national organization which works on wildlife research. His one journal is in publishing process in reputed journals.

Tree cavities are important habitat features providing breeding, foraging, roosting and wintering habitats for many birds, small mammals and reptiles. Th is study compared cavity characteristics and uses in terms of tree condition (living and dead trees), cavities types, location on parts of tree, inclination of the cavity, cavity orientation, shape of the entrance and cavity dimension in the Sal forest types between Natural habitats of Chitwan National Park and semi natural forest of Buff er Zone forest in Khorsor. Surveys of the cavities were conducted on 25 circular plots of size 0.1 ha in each of natural and semi natural habitats. A total of 104 cavities including 56 in NAT and 48 in SEMI-NAT sites were recorded. Cavities in snags were more common in NAT than in SEM-NAT. Most of the cavities in all studied plots were natural origin (72.1%, n=75) and located in three species of trees: Shorea robusta, Syzygium operculatum and Dillenia pentagyna. Most cavities were found in alive trees and differences between natural and woodpecker-made cavities were not signifi cant (χ2=0.051, df=1, P=3.84). The most common type of cavities was normal followed by bulb while chimney and crack were represented less oft en. Majority of cavities of natural origin and woodpecker made were on the trunk while the rest of cavities were in branches. Th is study revealed that diff erences between natural and woodpecker-made cavities were signifi cant (χ2 =0.866, df=1, P=0.0834). Natural cavities were mostly found obliquely upwards (62.7%) and the least was obliquely down (4.0%). Woodpecker-made cavities had an entrance more in the vertical position (72.4%) and the least in upward (10.3%). Th e natural cavities was more round (52.7%) shape and few in elongated (7%) and foramen (29%) shape but the woodpecker made cavities was only found in round shape. Natural cavities were on average half on the tree (average 5.5 m) than woodpecker-made cavities (10.2 m). Out of total, 21 cavities (20.2%) were found having active nest (9 nests were found in NAT plots and 12 in SEMI-NAT plots). All these were occupied by bird species. Almost 80% of the cavities found on the study plots were empty. Th e ratio of excavator and secondary cavity nester was found 1:4. Particular attention should be paid to the conservation of cavities.

Hanhong Bae has completed his Ph.D at the age of 36 years from Iowa State University and Research Scientist position from USDA-ARS (Beltsville, Maryland). He is a Professor of Yeungnam University (School of Biotechnology). He has published more than 75 papers in reputed journals.

To investigate the diversity and antimicrobial activity of endophytes from Panax ginseng, endophytes (bacteria and fungi) were isolated from various tissues of ginseng plants cultivated in mountain area. We isolated 150 and 250 endophytic fungi and bacteria respectively. Th e endophytes were identifi ed based on the analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Th e isolates were classifi ed into 55 and 35 fungal and bacterial genus respectively. Various methods (dual culture, fermentation broth, agar diff usion and minimum inhibitory concentration) were used for antimicrobial activity test against major ginseng pathogens (Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora cactorum, Alternaria sp, Collectotrichum sp., and Cylindrocarpon destructans). Two endophytic fungi (Trichoderma citrinoviride and Trichoderma hamatum) and bacteria (Brkholderia stabilis and Pseudomonas trivialis) were selected for the best potential biocontrol agents. Th ese results indicate that there is high biodiversity in ginseng endophytes which can broad the potential as biocontrol agents against ginseng pathogens.

Hanhong Bae has completed his Ph.D at the age of 36 years from Iowa State University and Research Scientist position from USDA-ARS (Beltsville, Maryland). He is a Professor of Yeungnam University (School of Biotechnology). He has published more than 75 papers in reputed journals

In plants, making transgenic plant takes long time and requires tissue culture process. A breakthrough technique needs to be developed for a fast gene delivery system (GDS). By employing the GDS using a germ-line infected virus, gene can be delivered and integrated into the plant chromosomal DNA of germ-line cells without tissue culture step. Barley Strip Mosaic Virus (BSMV) is transmitted fast and effi ciently through barley seeds by the advantage of their abilities to circumvent barriers that normally exclude viruses from embryonic tissues. Th erefore, BSMV has been chosen as a candidate for the construction of the fast gene delivery vector. Th e construct of viral vector contains the replication (ORI) from Caulifl ower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) as well as two genes (VirD2 and VirE2) and left /right boarders of Ti-plasmid from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The effi ciency of the vector is being tested using barley plants.

Hanhong Bae has completed his Ph.D at the age of 36 years from Iowa State University and Research Scientist position from USDA-ARS (Beltsville, Maryland). He is a Professor of Yeungnam University (School of Biotechnology). He has published more than 75 papers in reputed journals.

Across the globe, plants are continually perceiving and combating with diff erent environmental cues. Sound wave is considered as an external mechanical force. Sound wave mediated various developmental and physiological changes in plant were reported previously. It strongly suggests the existence of sophisticated molecular mechanism for sound wave perception in plant. However, much less is known about sound wave-mediated molecular, proteomic and hormonal changes which are important to understand the cellular mechanism and relation with plant physiology. Here, we investigated the global gene expression using microarray in Arabidopsis upon fi ve diff erent single frequency treatments for 1 hour. Th e expression patterns of the selected genes were further confi rmed by quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR. We analyzed sound wave-mediated proteomic changes using two-dimensional gel and MALDI-TOF. Lastly we quantitated various hormones after sound wave treatments. In addition, we investigated the role of long-time sound wave treatment on drought stress tolerance. Five-day continuous treatment with 500 Hz showed drought tolerance in Arabidopsis.

The coastal waters of Qatar belongs to the least studied and exploited marine environments worldwide, when it comes to microbial diversity. Th is is unsatisfying not only because coastal habitats are economically and ecologically extremely important (ecosystem services) but also because Qatari waters may hold as yet unknown and valuable microbial resources. Th erefore, we set out for the fi rst time in the Gulf a microbial eukaryote plankton diversity survey at 14 different coastal sampling sites subjected to diverse human activities. One pristine sampling site was included as a benchmark and reference site, as well as a hypersaline sampling site from an inland sea (Khor Al-Odaid) to exploit the full deck of protistan plankton diversity. From high-throughput sequencing (Illumina), we obtained and analyzed 6,725,058 amplicons of the hypervariable V4 region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA) from all 14 sampling sites. Rarefaction analyses showed complete coverage of eukaryotic diversity for all but two sites. In general, most abundant and diverse amplicons were taxonomically assigned to dinofl agellates, ciliates, green algae, stramenopiles, haptophytes, cryptophytes and picozoa. Shannon alpha diversity was highest in and around Doha Bay and at the sampling site off Messaeid Industrial City southeast of Qatar. Th e by-far lowest diversity was found at the inland sea site, where salinity was twice as high as in other Arabian Gulf areas. Th is confi rms salt as a strong environmental selection factor for plankton communities. Interestingly, coastal sites exposed to hydrocarbon exploitation did not exhibit a signifi cantly lower diversity compared to the pristine site at Simaisma. However, as revealed by the Jaccard beta-diversity index, the community structures (composition and abundances) of protists are profoundly different at these sites compared to the pristine and to the Doha Bay sites. Th e environmental factors responsible for these community shift s still remain to be identifi ed in further analyses. Global analyses of microbial diversity in Qatari coastal waters indicate high degree of novel diversity hidden in the investigated ecosystems and pinpointing the high microbial potential yet to be exploited in these waters.

Mehmet Karaca was the fi rst rank graduate amongst the all departments in Faculty of Agriculture in Trakya University in 1991. He ranked the fi rst in a national student competition exam of Ministry of Education of Turkey to be sent to abroad to pursue MS and Ph.D studies in 1993. He completed his MS degree in Genetics in 1996 and Ph.D in Agronomy (major) and Molecular Biology (minor) from Mississippi State University, USA, in 2001. He became Associate Professor in 2006 and he is currently working in Akdeniz University, Turkey. His main interest is molecular genetics and epigenetic research. He has an h-index of 15 and an i10-index of 19 as date of 2014. He has been given the Science Encouragement Award of Akdeniz University in 2005 and the Science Award of the Chamber of Agricultural Engineers of the chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects in 2012.

Microsatellites (also called as a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) or simple sequence repeats, (SSRs) or short tandem repeats (STRs)) are short segments of repeated DNA motifs found in coding and noncoding regions of eukaryotic and prokaryotic genomes. Th e high variability, ease, and accuracy of assaying microsatellites make them the marker of choice for various research areas, including the assessment of genetic diversity, variety identifi cation, parentage analysis, gene mapping and marker assisted selection. Although several techniques, sources and approaches have been developed for obtaining microsatellite markers, the main disadvantage of the development of microsatellite markers is the requirement of DNA sequences of the organisms under the study. Genomic microsatellites are isolated from genomic DNA of organisms and may represent transcribed, untranscribed, translated and untranslated region of a genomes. On the other hand, genic microsatellites represent transcribed, translated and untranslated region of genomes. Data mining studies, also called in silico research, provided new avenue for development of genic microsatellite markers. Although a huge number of coding sequence data are available for many plant species, some plant species within the family Lamiaceae have little or no sequence data to be used in the development of genic microsatellite markers. In the present study we report transfer of some genic and genomic microsatellite markers obtained from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genomic sequences. Th e cross transferability of EST derived microsatellite markers very quite higher that of the genomic sequences. Further studies also showed that exonic microsatellite have higher transferability rate than microsatellites found in the intronic and untranslated terminal regions.